From the last few days, I have been studying the charge migration in DNA. My request to the biologists is that please don’t hate me for trespassing in your field. My curiosity is in understanding the DNA structure from the electronic point of view. Over the years in the scientific literature, there have been reports of DNA acting as quantum molecular wires for transmitting charge, the DNA nano-devices and what not! I guess, all these announcements by my fellow researchers are interesting enough for me to get excited over this new field. However, the reason for my curiosity in DNA Charge Migration is something else. Recently, I was chatting with the mysterious girl, oh yeah, she is talking with me now. We talked about some biotechnology stuff related to genetics, the recent discoveries etc. I know, you must be thinking, what sort of jerk Abu is. Did he do friendship with mysterious girl for discussing genetics? Guys, I have rule in my life, everything that I shall do, should be related to science. I can’t waste time on ordinary stuff. I feel the mysterious girl indirectly took me into a new world of Genetics. There is so much to discover, so much to think and so much to contribute to the humanity in the field of genetics. Well, I can talk about all other non-sense with her, do some good time pass and call it as “attitude”. But somehow I can’t digest it, there are millions of people wasting time in doing time-pass, I am not one among those millions. Anyhow, let me explain you now about charge migration in DNA.

 

For my traditional electronics and computer science oriented readers, I would first like to give some basic knowledge about DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a big molecule that stores the genetic information in the cells. The chemistry behind the DNA is that it consists of three major components, a heterocyclic base, a deoxyribose sugar (pentose) and a phosphate (phosphoric acid).  The sugar molecules and the phosphate molecules form the backbone of the DNA Structure. I am sure you must have seen the Double helix structure of DNA in many movies, cover pages of bio-related books, etc, if not just type DNA in the Live Search, you shall find it.  The heterocyclic base consists of four different types of bases namely, Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T), famously referred as AGCT sequence. A and G are purine derivatives and C and T are pyrimidine derivatives.  I really don’t know what this purine and pyrimidine derivatives are, my speculation is that they belong to some class of organic chemistry. Now, comes the coolest part of DNA, the framework that connects the different heterocyclic bases is hydrogen bonding. Wow, it’s been a long time since I studied hydrogen bonding, believe me it’s an interesting thing to read. I think I am re-invoking my lost love feelings towards chemistry. To the people who don’t know my connection with chemistry, it’s my favorite subject, the only subject I loved. Oh God, I need to learn how to resist myself from thinking about love, now-a-days I am thinking about lot of philosophical stuff. I think scientists are very romantic at their heart; it’s just that they allow the brain to take the control over their lives. Don’t invoke my feelings baby, I am a die hard lover! … Aaaah! … Let me drag myself back to DNA.

 

The coolest thing about Hydrogen bonding in DNA is that, it can occur only between G-C and A-T. So, that’s the reason you have DNA sequences like GC, AT, GG, AA, CC, and TT but not AG or TC. Understanding the DNA sequences is again an interesting piece of study. Long back, I did some work on DNA sequences at Pentagram research center under Prof. E. G. Rajan. I was involved in developing a MATLAB program for application of Rapid transforms for DNA sequences. Somehow, the work didn’t turn out to be phenomenal, so I left it. I think Rajan Sir will be very angry with me regarding that work. Well, I hope he will glad to know that I am back to genetics with study of Charge Migration in DNA

 

Now, coming to actual thing, charge migration in DNA refers to transfer of electric charge along the sequence of DNA i.e. the sequence of A, G, C and T. Due to radioactive radiations or through external charge supplies, a additional charge might get added to the DNA. It is important to study this field from the biological damage point of view. However, the recent studies have reveal possibility of nano-technological devices can be framed using the charge migration concept of DNA. Basing on the type of sequence, a DNA can behave as semiconductor, insulator or conductor. The ionization energies of different heterocyclic bases are different. If you go down at sub-atomic level, the charge migration in DNA can be derived from the framework of quantum mechanics. I guess, I should be dancing now, the reason, yes, the Quantum mechanics. Controlling my excitement, the charge migration occurs through electronic transitions among states near the chemical potential. This charge transfer characteristics can be determined through the properties of highest occupied molecular states (HOMO) and the lowest un-occupied molecular states (LUMO), referring to hole transfer and electron transfer. HOMO and LUMO, got to give credit for the creativity of the scientist who framed these acronyms.

 

Well, don’t you think this much info is enough for a single blog article? I don’t want to go too deep into the subject because of two reasons. Reason one, I don’t want to scare you and reason two, even I don’t understand further than this. Actually, beyond this is full of quantum mechanics with lots of lovely equations. Long back, I told this phrase to one of my friend; just feel like repeating over here, “the beauty surrounding us is due to the symmetry in the equations, which we often neglect”. Try to think deeply over that phrase about the context it was quoted.  

 

And here comes the new blog article. Well, from physics, pharmacy, philosophy, politics... and finally I break the "P" sequence, yes; this stuff is about being, Bond, James Bond. Yes, detectives have always thrilled us and as a kid I always enjoyed reading detective novels. I started with Sherlock Holmes, Hardy boys and Nancy Drew. The coolest thing about these characters is that they take you into a new world of excitement, thrill and mystery. When I was kid, I use to always visualize myself like a detective who is solving some kind of mystery but the only problem was life around is so normal that there aren’t any mysteries going on. I remember one major assignment I got as a detective was from my teacher, I was suppose to track the thief in our class who steals pencils from my classmates. Wow, you should have seen my excitement. You won’t believe, I even purchased a magnifier to track the fingerprints and when my friends asked me about it, I used to say them, “it’s a big secret, I am on a mission”. After all my hard work, I found the thief, actually it was easy, I knew the thief from before and I should confess I did all the over actions to fulfill my fantasy of being a detective. I should have told of to the teacher that so and so guy is doing is when she asked me but I felt the good doing it other way around. I mean, where would I get a chance to observe the fingerprints of all my classmates, act as if my eyes are good enough to do finger recognition, wow, that’s actually funny today, but then when you are 8 years old, that’s got to be cool.

 

After a long interval, I am switched back to my detective days. Recently, I finished reading John Grisham’s The Client, courtesy of my newfound chat friend. It’s a murder mystery and a well-written book. Now, all I needed was a mystery, a mystery that I can solve. Before, I can search around that mystery; I found something beautiful and inviting at Orkut. It was a personal album of a girl, whom is found by random browsing on Orkut. In my view, she is probably the most beautiful girl I have seen, there was innocence in her face, passion in her eyes, a naughty smile on her lips, or in simple words just good enough to make a scientist go crazy to track her. Now, the detective in me was reborn, I had to track this girl, know more about her. Actually Orkut is so odd, people don’t put her their names, instead they write all sorts of crazy “status names”. For that matter, I have put up my first/last name as “Proud to be Quantum Mechanic”. So, now all I had was few pictures (which I didn’t download, common, I can’t do that, I am not so cheap), I don’t know her name and the challenge before me was not scrap any of her friends to know her. This was an interesting self-assignment, the more I saw those pictures, the more I was getting attracted. I just wanted to know about that girl, oh, common; my thoughts are as pure as they are ever. I really don’t understand what actually motivated me to do so, it became sort of my top priority for me to actually track that girl.

 

So what do you think, was Abubakr successful in tracking her? Give a guess and read on the blog. I should say so far I have partially tracked her. The good news is that I have talked with her twice on Yahoo Messenger. The process of tracking was difficult; it required lot of research and time. First I read carefully all her scraps, damn half of them were the scraps of stupid guys who say, “hey, me… so and so, want to do friendship with me”, it was so boring to read all that, I wonder what goes through the ladies mind when they read such scraps and more than that I wonder what goes through the mind of people who scrap those. Well, one tip to actually instigate a girl to reply you back is “hurt her ego”, she will jump to reply you back”. Anyhow, once I read her scraps, I only I got it clear that this girl doesn’t indulge much in spending time on Orkut. Now, there was a huge twist, in one of the community, I found that she has hundreds of posts to her name. This was quite mysterious to discover because it was pretty obvious that she doesn’t talk much through her scraps. The community had more than 30 topics with more than 10 topics having more than 1000 scraps. Wow, that was a tedious exercise to read all those scraps. I mean I don’t think even a guy who loves her would have done so much, but yes I did it. There were some bizarre things in that community such as she is having an affair with a guy but that guy wasn’t even in her friends list. There were few things that I can’t even mention. Now, here starts my detective work. I first started plotting graphs about how many scraps he posted in that community each day, I compared the number with the number of post she received in her profile. There was something missing here, either she was deleting the posts from her profile or she wasn’t receiving any scraps to her profile. There were many things that I noted down, it was all like a FBI agent tracking down a fugitive. I know, looking at the pictures so many times a day was having some effect on my mind, but it was so thrilling that I went on.

 

Now, I started interacting with the members of that community who are not in her friends list. At first, I didn’t strike the right person, lots of time was wasted in talking to people who didn’t provide any concrete evidence. Then I finally found a guy, who tracked down her cousin; now the secrets were coming out, like who she is, what she does, etc. Meanwhile, she did one mistake, she scrapped her yahoo email id to one of her friend. All I could do was write her a mail, actually the mail was so stupid that nobody would have replied to that.  The next thing I did was talking to the guy who claims to be her boyfriend in that community. It was difficult to make that guy vomit the truth, but he was so calm. He told me that he going to marry that girl and they are in love from one year. That was pretty informative as I got to know that this girl is about to get married (big blow to my stupid mind, who was slowly getting attracted). I sent her an offline on yahoo messenger saying congrats about her boyfriend and some regular stuff.

 

Time for Twist, the girl says that she doesn’t know that guy and explained me the real story. The next day I find all the posts from that community erased because she wasn’t aware one of her cousin was using her id to post some stupid messages in that community on her behalf. I chatted with this … say “Our mysterious Lady”, for three hours, though I had an all important meeting next day, man, I went late to the meeting since I just got 4 hours to sleep. Anyhow, “our mysterious lady” is a very nice and talented girl. Got to know so much about her within hours.

 

Now, here comes the reality. Actually, the mystery lady is very open minded and very friendly, but don’t know for some reason she doesn’t want to do friendship with me. Forget about the hard work that I did in tracking her; I think I know so much about her and yet she doesn’t consider myself worthy enough to be my friend. I know, someday she is going to read this post, I do hope she accepts me as her friend.

 

 

Oh, yeah…, isn’t she lucky that Abubakr is asking her for friendship?

 

Life is pretty strange with full of twists and turns. It lets you frame new ideas, new future plans and new relationships. Oh, Yeah, this blog post i will shed some light on my craziness in framing new ideas, new future plans and new relationships. Ofcourse, new relationships have been very rare in my life and have been very occational. You will find new ideas in every moment of my life, from framing theories to bizzarre hair-styles. Actually the problem is that, when i stand before mirror, i say myself, i have seens this face before, i can't change it but i can change the hair-style. That's how i end up having a different hair-style every day, sometimes i change the hair-styles multiple times a day. One of my friend recently asked me, what makes me so crazy, why can't you be just normal ? My reply to him is, "being crazy is my normal state". Ofcourse, i always see that my crazyness doesn't effect negatively to anyone around. Coming to framing future plans, well, I totally rely on Allah for this. You never know, where your life leads you. I never thought I will in software industry, i was a pure hardware guy but i ended being in the most succesful software company. I have been said by many people that "being in Microosft is a big acheivement in itself and I should consider myself lucky for having made it so far being from non-computer background". Thanks for the suggestion, however, I disagree. I have got a huge challenge ahead of creating my own identity in a ever changing software industry and I don't consider I have acheived anything so far. May be, after few years, when i Live search my name "Mohd Abubakr" and the results say "Nobel lauriate, Von Neuman Prize and Field Medalist Mohd Abubakr"... that shall be what i call as acheivement. I know that I have always asked for more from God and God has been kind. And I am sure that God will certainly give for a person who asks with a good heart. Yes, if people say I am begging before God too much, then my reply is Yes, I am a begger before God. God has created me, given me all that I have and shall be giving me all that is good for me in future. Hmm.. seems like I am getting little too emotional here, I will control myself to move to write something that sounds more interesting to you.

 

As I said before, life is strange and believe me it is stranger than it gets. That fact that some stranger comes into our lives and we tend to live our rest of our lives with that stranger makes it even more strange.  No matter what, life teaches you very soon to frame relationships, the relationships of love. The new born baby who isn't much aware of the existing world learns quickly to love his/her mother. That's the first lesson that life teaches you, loving your mother. I have read numerous articles that say a new born baby recognises his/her mother. I will glad to read a scientific definition for this, any bio guys, can you help me out. So, i was saying, life starts teaching us forming relationships right from the moment we are born.  I heard many people saying, it will take time for me to trust someone, it will take sometime for me to commit. Always i found this strange, you don't find relationships, the life finds that relationship that you are about to make. No matter how strong you are, let me say you this, its your life that has taken you towards framing a relationship. I know, I am sounding very confusing here, actually i find it fun in confusing people, some part of the paragraph, you will find it as really meaningful, then all of a sudden it just goes out of your reach... Actually, I just let my fingers type whatever my brain says. I give my brain full control to type whatever it feels, express it to the world, i don't care how many people are reading my blog, whether its 400 or just myself, what matters me most is I have let my brain speak out.

 

I say this as "Freedom theraphy", actually all of us need this freedom theraphy. We all should let our brains speakout, let us not confine our lives because we are bothered that someone is looking at me, people might laugh at me, bla bla bla. Look, this is your life, you got all the freedom to live it as you like, no one is stopping you other than youself. The other day I was watching "Jab We Met", its a cool movie, there are lots of possitives that I learnt from that movie. One of the message of the movie is "Life is all about Living it to the fullest and don't complain". Every moment in our life is special, say now you are reading my blog, even this moment is special, maybe after reading this you might just fall in love me  or just end up hating me for wasting your valuable time . To be frank, there are more chances of the second scenario else I wouldn't have been single so far !! .  Oh, comon, love doesn't mean that only one damn thing, there are different versions of love you see. If you think, oh this guy is so nice, let me change your opinion, by versions, I mean you can get love as Trial demo V1, V2 life long run with few disabled features and V3 for life long with complete features.  Which do you want from me ? If your anger on me has damped down, then let me explain you some philosophical meaning of what i have just said.  Generally, many of us go through these different versions of love in our life. I am sure many of you people might have experienced a Trial demo V1 in your lifes, some others might be going through "lifelong run with disabled features V2" and few lucky ones are experiencing "Lifelong run with full features V3". By now, you must have got what i meant by V1, V2 and V3. Unless a rare case, we all are interested in V3 but the normal tendency is to give a shot at V1. You find it good, you convert it into V3. However, I have seen many people ending up with V2. There are together for lifelong but most of the features of life are disabled. Features live love of parents, respect in society and the most importantly mutual respect for each other. What's your life when your life partner doesn't respect you ? What's the life when you are away from your ageing parents ? There are so many questions that we don't think and end up making a comprimise with life. 

 

Love is a strange as life is. Sometimes it takes seconds to realize that you love someone and sometimes it takes a lifelong. More than realization of love, what is more important is how long does it last. Isn't it ? Do you know in Sub-atomic particle studies there is something called as "Strange Quantum Number" and the measure is called degree of strangeness.  I think there is huge need to apply it to human beings as well. Everyone of us have a degree of stangness in ourselves. Wow, wait a minute, I just got a brilliant idea.

 

Let me define something called as "Strange Human Number", it signifies the degreee of strangeness a human exhibits in decisions of life. The less the Strange Human Number, the more predictable you are, the higher the Strange Human Number, the less predictable you are. One can set the lower limit for the "Strange Human Number as "0" which means a particular person is absolutely predictable. It is very rare to find a person whose actions can be absolutely predictable, it can be treated as a ideal case for an artificial robot. Wait a minute, how can you scale the strangeness of a person ? I guess me we need to define another Human Number as well. The "Known Human Number", it signifies the degree of best reference measurement of strangeness a human has already exhibited in decisions of life. I am falling short of ideas now, let me postpone this for my future blog articles.

 

 

My last blog article invited as many as 400 viewers within two days, Can you believe it!! Now, I am convinced that there is huge demand for Sildenafil. Though I am not a good blog writer, however seems like I have all qualities of being one. Add a little spice to science and there you go, people are really interested in knowing science. It is unfortunate that science has been presented before students in a very boring way. Believe me, there are lots of exciting stuff going on in science. Alright, I will stop my same old lecture about science though I should say "SCIENCE MAKES LIFE BEAUTIFUL", some of my friends should find that phrase very familier.

 

Now-a-days, I find myself very confused about various aspects of life. Sometimes I find my life very stagnant and sometimes its on a ride. It is very difficult to understand the state of mind, the oscillations of mood and occurrence of events. You never know how the mind gets deviated to little things happening around, its just happens before you could realize. The other day I watching TV, I saw a commercial about "Tea" company, all of a sudden I was thinking about politics, how to change the political system in India. In the commercial, our dude interviews a politician and I should say the concept is awesome. I find it very odd that in our country we vote to political parties without even knowing the details about the candidate who is standing in elections. We are least bothered about the consequences of choosing a wrong person. May be that's why our nation is in deep waters, we have a so-called "democracy" and at the same time you find people saying "yahan par to goonda raj chal raha hain bhai". It is such a pity situation and what is more worse is that people are least bothered about it. How can we all be so irresponsible? It is the huge responsibility on all the educated people to choose talented, qualified and responsible people to run the government and educate the illiterates about the same. Where can we find talented, qualified and responsible people who are ready to take up the job of running the government? I deeply studied this subject from last two days and here are my solutions to it. They might be bit odd but once you apply your brain and thing over it, you will find lots of sense in them.

 

The so called 'politicians' or 'people who run the government' are not supposed to be treated as 'national leaders' and people who have done great sacrifice for the nation. In my opinion, country like India doesn't need politics, we need "developers" who can develop India, who can bring a smile on a hardworking farmer's face, who can achieve in booming our economy much higher than rest of the countries, who can make India a Super Power in terms of charity, power and peace, and so on. But here you are living in a nation which being ruined by politicians who play with the lives of people for the sake of money. Each party washes their dirty linen in public, throws all kinds of allegations on each other and ultimately they do almost nothing to our nation. Somebody asked me this question, why do you say politicians have done nothing to our nation, look at all the progress, isn't it due to our politicians. Well, the first few lines following paragraph is answer to such a question.

 

Imagine a 'TREE', the tree grows without any artificial help due to sun's light, rain from water and natural soil but you can nurture the tree in a better way by taking care of it. By supplying nutrients, by regularly watering, removing dried leaves etc. In a similar way, our nation is like a tree, and whatever development we are finding around is due to natural causes not due to the hard work of politicians. Forget about nurturing the nation, our politicians have added negative growth to the natural development. As I said earlier, we don't need politicians, we need "developers". The developers, who can nurture the nation, add positive growth to the natural development and make our nation a very prosperous one. Well, in proper words, we are assigning the job of developing the nation in the hand of "developers". It is a job with responsibility and I am sure there is enough talent in India to do this job efficiently. The problem is that, you and I do not give the people who can develop the nation an opportunity. I have business plan to run the nation and I am sure someday this sort of business models will be executed in our nation.

 

The business model introduces a term called "Professional Politics". The model presents a new consultancy company that can develop the nation by providing intellectual property for the development of the nation. The company is not meant as a replacement for the political parties, however the company does have its own employees contending in elections. Here comes the twist, as per Indian Constitution, an employee of some company cannot hold a government post (office of profit). Hence, the company won't be registered as a private company; it will be registered as an official political party. The difference is in the structure and attitude of this party. Giving a corporate structure which each person has his own commitments, responsibilities, growth structure, scope for innovation and last but not the least to run the company cum political party in profits. I will give the brief details about why can't it be a non-profitable political party, why a consulting company structure suits and how the commitments of each person is defined in the company. In the following discussion I shall be using the word "company", though on record (officially) it refers to a political party.

 

The success of the company lies in its achievements and profits. A political cum corporate company shall run into profits as it has to recruit outstanding brains for the development of the nation, it has to have a proper internal role defined structure and all this would require money. Next big task before the company would be achieving the development of the nation. Actually, this task is far easier than we imagine it to be. Fortunately, the natural development of the nation is always towards positive direction, all it is required from the company side (political party) is to enhance the natural development to the next level. This would require the company to have strategists, technologists, designers, campaigners, leaders, bureaucrats and collaboration with different technical companies. If you look at current political scenario, there aren’t many technologists, designers and strategists in political parties. The ministers themselves are not equipment with sufficient knowledge and the political party doesn’t have a proper support staff to support the minister. The support staff of current political parties includes the people who can arrange stage dramas, protests, crimes, rallies, etc. This is really a very unfortunate state of the nation. With a professionally structured party, it can recruit young students straight from colleges and private companies to provide intellectual property for the nation.

 

How shall such a party run into profits? Having a thorough professional political party will help industries and private companies to advance in the market. Such political party will definitely attract more amounts of funds than any other party. It is well known that our present political parties extract huge money from industrialists and remaining money from corruption. A professional political party will bring transparency; it will show to the people on record, how much money it has received as funds from different companies and institutions.

 

I have a gut feeling that this idea will work out. I have just presented a crude structure of the model. Lets see, may be after a decade I might start a similar business.

 Now if you are wondering, what's hell on the earth that made me write a blog entry about "viagra", please don't wonder, I will explain you in detail. Well, I have been receiving lots of Spam mails recently on my Gmail Id. Not sure how the spammers predicted that I need Viagra, its such a wrong prediction but still they spammed me with hundred odd mails on lots of information on Viagra. Of course, Viagra happens to be a good scientific topic to do research on, so I thought of doing some research on Viagra. Things like, what is viagra, why do people feel shy when someone speaks about Viagra, I just wanted to know the exact reasons. Curiosity, my friends, it has always allowed me to understand lots of things. Let me say you, this post can really help you in gaining vital information about Viagra and probably in future if you find someone needing information on this, you can pass it on. Also, I will be describing all the terms very scientifically to reduce the embarrassment of all my blog readers. Common, I am not committing a crime by writing this blog, after all I am trying is to pass on real scientific information on Viagra, irrespective of whether you like or not. As a scientist I have the liberty of speaking truth over shyness.

 

Viagra is a chemical drug named 1-[4-ethoxy-3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methy l- 7 -oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl) phenylsulfonyl] -4-methylpiperazine citerate also called as "Sildenafil". Viagra just happens to be the commercial name of sildenafil sold by a company named “Pfizer”. Molecular formula of sildenafil is C₂₂H₃₀N₆O₄S. The basic function of Sildenafil is to increase the blood pressure in the vessels carrying blood to and fro the lungs. This generally causes shortness of breath, dizziness and tiredness. Now, one question in your mind must be what made Sildenafil so famous whereas it’s just a simple drug that increases blood pressure. The answer is very scientific and very much related to our lives, of course, if you have a deficiency.

 

The male organ of human Copulation has to be filled with vascular sinuses and should be capable of becoming distended and rigid as the result of being filled with blood during the course of copulation for a certain period of time. Some unfortunate men (!!) have a deficiency called as “erectile dysfunction” which reduces their ability to retain rigidity in the phallus during human copulation. Here comes Sildenafil as a rescue to such people to enjoy their lives. Sildenafil increases the blood flow to the human male phallus during human copulation. To be more scientific, Sildenafil improves pulmonary arterial hypertension by relaxing the blood vessels in the lungs to allow blood to flow easily. I guess, that’s the best way I can describe the Sildenafil without using so called “non-aesthetic terms”, in fact, I should add this paragraph on Wikipedia. Wow, I read the paragraph again, it has turned out great compared to the descriptions given across the other websites.

 

To clear out few things, Sildenafil doesn’t increase sexual urge, doesn’t cure erectile dysfunction and doesn’t prevent sexually transmitted diseases. It’s just a normal drug made extra famous by certain impotent people. Some of you might be thinking, how does sildenafil look like, is it a tablet, syrup or syringe? Sildenafil is sold in markets under the registered name “Viagra” as tablets. The tablets come as 25mg, 50mg and 100mg; consult a doctor before you take any of the different versions of tablets. There are few side-effects of Sildenafil but there cannot be anything worst than suffering from erectile dysfunction, so I suggest you to take it, cause you got a life, live it. But don’t take Sildenafil in large quantities (10 pills for an ever lasting night) as it can cause you a heart attack as well, anyhow that’s the worst case for the people over 40-50 years old. I really don’t think there is anyone who is above 30 reading my blog at present. By the way, according to Einstein’s relativity, an object experiences lesser time when it is riding fast but the actual time is more than what is observed, so don’t get dissatisfied by your life cause it was really quick, it may be due to relativity and unnecessary don’t take sildenafil. 

 What else should I write more about Viagra/Sildenafil? Damn, don’t ever think that I have consumed or seen it anytime. By the way, as per one of the Spam mails I received,  “Viagra are blue tablets”, so now you know the color of viagra.  So, let me conclude this blog article this way, don’t be shy in acquiring knowledge but yes, you got to have control over your senses. Life is a very valuable thing, don’t waste it reading non-sense available over net, science is the best source that you can trust upon. As a scientist, it is my responsibility to provide fellow human beings with right information as much as I can; this article is one such honest attempt.    

iven a physical system, whether it is an aircraft, a chemical process, or the national economy, an engineer first attempts to develop a mathematical model that adequately represents some aspects of the behavior of that system. Through physical insights, fundamental “laws” and empirical testing, he tries to establish the interrelationships among certain variables of interest, inputs to the system, and outputs from the system. With such a mathematical model and the tools provided by the system and control theories, he is able to investigate the system structure and modes of response. If desired, he can design compensators that alter these characteristics and controllers that provide appropriate inputs to generate desired system responses.

In order to observe the actual system behavior, measurement devices are constructed to output data signals proportional to certain variables of interest. These output signals and the known inputs to the system are the only information that is directly discernible about the system behavior. Moreover, if a feedback controller is being designed, the measurement device outputs are the only signals directly available for inputs to the controller. Hence in such situations we use certain special filters to investigate the data, one such filter is Kalman filter.

 

In 1960, R.E. Kalman published his famous paper describing a recursive solution to the discrete data linear filtering problem. Kalman filter is simply an optimal recursive data processing algorithm. There are many ways of defining optimal, dependent upon the criteria chosen to evaluate performance. Kalman filter is optimal with respect to virtually any criterion that makes sense in analyzing a system since it incorporates all information that can be provided to it.  It processes all available measurements, regardless of their precision, to estimate the current value of the variables of interest with use of (1) knowledge of the system and measurement device dynamics, (2) the statistical description of the system noises, measurement errors, and uncertainty in the dynamics models, and (3) any available information about initial conditions of the variables of interest. For example, to determine the velocity of an aircraft, one could use a Doppler radar, or the velocity indications of an inertial navigation system, or the pilot and static pressure and relative wind information in the air data system. Rather than ignoring any of these outputs, a Kalman filter could be built to combine all this data and knowledge of the various systems dynamics to generate an overall best estimate of velocity.

The word recursive in the previous description means that, unlike certain data processing concepts, the Kalman filter does not require all previous data to be kept in storage and reprocessed every time a new measurement is taken. This will be of vital importance to the practicality of filter implementation. The “filter” is actually a data processing algorithm. Despite the typical connotation of a filter as a “black box” containing electrical networks the fact is that in most practical applications, the “filter” is just a computer program in a central processor, As such, it inherently incorporates discrete time measurement samples rather than continuous time inputs.

For further reading on Kalman filtering and its mathematical background refer to http://www.cs.unc.edu/~welch/kalman/ (links to the tutorials are also available on this website).